Version 100 of the SSU and LSU databases released in August 2009

Former statistics:

SILVA 89, SILVA 90, SILVA 91, SILVA 92, SILVA 93

SILVA 94, SILVA 95, Silva 96, SILVA 98

SSU Parc (Web database & ARB file) contains all aligned sequences with an alignment quality value, a basepair score or a sequence quality equal and above 30. All sequences with a Pintail value < 50 or an alignment quality value < 75 have been assigned to color group 1 in ARB (red). All Living Tree Project typestrains have been assigned to color group 2 in ARB (light blue). No further sequence curation has been applied.

To create SSU Ref (ARB file), additionally, all sequences below 1,200 bases for Bacteria and Eukarya and below 900 bases for Archaea or an alignment quality value below 50 have been removed from SSUParc. A guide tree was calculated by adding all sequences to the tree_1200 of SILVA release 98 which is based on tree_1000 from the ssujan04 release. For tree calculation, highly variable positions were removed for Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya with the respective position variability filters. The tree for Bacteria and Archaea have been organized mainly based on the Bergey's taxonomic outline. After manually inspection of the tree, some sequences have been removed due to long branches. Position variability filters for Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya have been calculated and added to the dataset. Please take into account that also sequences below an alignment quality value of 75 need further attention. All sequences with a Pintail value < 50 or an alignment quality value < 75 have been assigned to color group 1 in ARB (red). All Living Tree Project typestrains have been assigned to color group 2 in ARB (light blue). Before using the alignment for extensive phylogenetic reconstructions all sequences should be checked carefully.

LSU Parc (Web database & ARB file) contains all aligned sequences with an alignment quality value, a basepair score or a sequence quality equal and above 30. No further curation has been applied, only a guide tree has been added by the most parsimonious addition of around 12,000 sequences to the LSUParc guide tree from SILVA 98.

Additionally, for LSU Ref (ARB file) all sequences below 1,900 bases have been removed, a guide tree was calculated based on the tree_1900 of SILVA release 98, and basic filters have been added. All sequences with an alignment quality value < 75 have been assigned to color group 1 in ARB (red). Please take into account that the SEED consisted only of around 2,800 sequences and there is no guaranty that well aligned close relatives have always been available. We would recommend additional manual curation before using it for extensive phylogenetic reconstructions.

The length and colours of the bars give a first indication on the sequence and alignment quality as well as the risk for sequence anomalies based on Pintail analysis. After downloading the sequences as an ARB file, sequences that need attention can be selected by searching for low quality (alignment, sequence) or Pintail values in the corresponding ARB database fields. A full description of the colour code and all database fields available in the ARB files can be found in the FAQ section. Taking into account the rich set of sequence associated information that comes along with every SILVA sequence, user designed sub-databases can be easily generated.

All names of validly described species in the SSU and LSU databases have been checked for changes (basonyms, synonyms and orthographical corrections) against the DSMZ "Nomenclature up to date" catalogue (http://www.dsmz.de/download/bactnom/names.txt) released in July 2009.

Alternative Taxonomies

Besides the EMBL Taxonomy, alternative classifications taken from the greengenes and the RDP II project are also available in SILVA. On the webpage, the user can switch using the Taxonomy menu. In ARB, the different taxonomies can be found in the fields: embl_tax, gg_tax and rdp_tax for EMBL, greengenes and RDP II, respectively. The corresponding *_name fields shows the respective sequence name for each entry.  Please take into account that both greengenes and RDP II provide only a subset of the sequences hosted by SILVA. If no taxonomic mapping to greengenes or RDP II was available they are assigned as "unclassified" and the respective sequence name equals EMBL. For the LSU datasets, there are no alternative taxonomies available.

Type strain and cultured information has been added to the field strain and is indicated by [T] and [C]. Several sources have been used to compile the information: The Straininfo.net bioportal, The Ribosomal Database Project II (10.11) and the Living Tree Project which provides manually curated information compliant with Euzebys "List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature".

Genome information is provided by EMBL.

Detailed information about the corresponding identifiers and target databases can be found in the table to the right.

The identifiers can be used for data retrieval by searching in the strain field see FAQ.

RNAmmer is a computational predictor for the major rRNA species (SSU, LSU) from all three domains of life. The program uses hidden Markov models trained on data from the European ribosomal RNA database project. SILVA runs the profiles of RNAmmer on all sequence entries of the EMBL archive to complement the existing predictions. All predictions are marked with RNAmmer in the ann_src_field. More information about RNAmmer can be found in the paper.

For SILVA release 100 the whole RNAmmer part has been rewritten to improve stability and speed.

All rRNA sequences have been aligned based on a completely manually re-checked SEED alignment of 56,354 rRNA sequences for SSU and 2,868 rRNA sequences for LSU. The SSU alignment is based on the official ssu_jan04 release of the ARB Project. The SSU SEED alignment has been considerably improved for Archaea by manual addition of more than 1,000 sequences by Katrin Knittel. All SSU Eukaryotic sequences (18S) have been cross-checked by Wolfgang Ludwig before their addition to the SEED. Most of the bacterial sequences have also undergone a curation process carried out by the SILVA Team. We would rate our SSU SEED alignment for all Bacteria and Archaea as good and for Eukarya as reasonable.

The LSU alignment was provided by Wolfgang Ludwig and has not been released before SILVA. It was cross-checked by the SILVA Team before using it as the SEED for automatic alignment.  Bacteria and Archaea could be rated as good. The Eukaryotes need definitely further attention.

Sequence Retrieval and Processing

Sequences have been retrieved from EMBL Release 100 (June 09) using a complex keyword search procedure and sequence based search with RNAmmer profiles. Cross checks with RDP II indicated no loss of primary data. Most of the sequences rejected by the new SINA aligner were classified as not ribosomal RNA sequences by manual inspection or the remaining aligned sequence fragments were below 300 bases.

 
Blue: RDP II, orange: SILVA SSUParc based on the EMBL release 100

Red: raw data, black: the quality checked & aligned SSUParc sequences

Red: raw data, black: the quality checked & aligned LSUParc sequences

• Webpage
  • rewrite of 'search' functions to improve speed
  • autocomplete function in search
  • new pop-ups (less sticky)
  • link to EnvDB (coming soon)
• Database
  • habitat-lite information added to genomes, see MEGX-project
  • contextual data information for marine 16S sequences extended
  • contextual data fields from INSDC extended and updated, see FAQ
• Taxonomy
  • The classification of the SSURef guide tree was completely revised and improved taking into account information from Bergey's trust, Euzeby's LPSN as well as data from specialized databases and the literature.
• Pipeline
  • RNAmmer prediction was refactored

• SSUParc: 2621 have no Pintail value
• SSURef: 794 sequences have no Pintail value -> we have no clue why

Update files are not longer provided. Because of the constant improvement we do on the SILVA pipeline we recommend to always take the latest version of SILVA and update it with your personal sequences. The difference between SILVA and your own database can be easily determined using the ARB Merge Tool.